优先权信息本申请要求于2018年6月29日递交美国专利商标局、申请号为62/692,658的美国临时申请的优先权，以及于2018年12月28日递交美国专利商标局、申请号为16/235,995的美国申请的优先权，其全部公开内容通过引用并入本申请中。本申请涉及视频编解码技术。具体地，本申请涉及解码或编码的方法和装置、计算机设备和存储介质。
背景技术：
：：相关技术说明几十年以来，使用具有运动补偿的帧间图片预测来进行视频编码和解码已经众所周知。未压缩的数字视频可包括一系列图片，每个图片具有例如1920×1080亮度样本及相关色度样本的空间维度。所述系列图片具有固定的或可变的图片速率(也非正式地称为帧率)，例如每秒60个图片或60hz。未压缩的视频具有非常大的比特率要求。例如，每个样本8比特的1080p604:2:0的视频(1920x1080亮度样本分辨率，60hz帧率)要求接近1.5gbit/s带宽。一小时这样的视频就需要超过600gb的存储空间。视频编码和解码的一个目的是通过压缩减少输入视频信号的冗余信息。视频压缩可以帮助降低对上述带宽或存储空间的要求，在某些情况下可降低两个或更多数量级。无损和有损压缩，以及两者的组合均可采用。无损压缩是指从压缩的原始信号中重建原始信号精确副本的技术。当使用有损压缩时，重建信号可能与原始信号不完全相同，但是原始信号和重建信号之间的失真足够小，使得重建信号可用于预期应用。有损压缩广泛应用于视频。容许的失真量取决于应用。例如，相比于电视应用的用户，某些消费流媒体应用的用户可以容忍更高的失真。可实现的压缩比反映出：较高的允许/容许失真可产生较高的压缩比。本领域普通技术人员通常理解视频压缩/解压缩技术。一般来说，为了压缩视频或图像数据，可执行一系列功能步骤以产生压缩的视频或图像文件。尽管图像，例如360°图像(例如，由360°相机采集的)，可能适于压缩，但为了易于阅读，将对视频文件的压缩进行解释。为了生成压缩的视频文件，在传统标准(例如，h.264、h.265)下，从视频源接收的未压缩的视频样本流可被分割或解析，这产生了两个或更多个参考图片的样本块。双向预测可涉及如下技术：根据两个或更多个参考图片的两个运动补偿样本块，可对预测单元(pu)，例如预测样本块，进行预测。在mpeg-1中首次将双向预测引入视频编码标准，并且双向预测已被包含在其它视频编码技术和标准中，比如mpeg-2的第二部分(或者h.262)、h.264和h.265等等。当对压缩的视频文件进行解压缩时，在对双向预测的pu的样本进行重建的过程中，来自每个参考块的、经运动补偿和内插的输入样本可与加权因子相乘，并且可对两个参考块的、经如此加权后的样本值进行相加以生成正在重建的样本，其中，每个参考块的加权因子不同。可进一步通过比如环路滤波的机制对此样本进行处理。在mpeg-1和mpeg-2中，根据正在重建的pu所属的图片与该两个参考图片之间的相对时间距离，可确定加权因子。因为在mpeg-1和mpeg-2中，两个参考i或p图片中的一个图片处于“过去”，而另一个处于正在重建的b图片的“未来”(就呈现顺序而言)，并且因为在mpeg-1和mpeg-2中，为正在重建的、与其参考图片有关的任意图片建立了明确定义的时序关系，因此这样确定加权因子是可行的。从h.264开始，放宽了用于双向预测图片的参考图片选择概念，这使得该参考图片仅需要在解码顺序上更早、但在呈现顺序上无需如此。而且，因为h.264和h.265在时域中都不需要约束的/固定的图片间隔，因此时间的概念也放宽了。因此，解码器无法再基于比特流中可获得的时序信息来计算加权因子。相反，h.264和h.265包括0.5的“默认值”作为双向预测图片的参考样本的加权因子。这一默认值可由切片头(sliceheader)中可获得的、被称为pred_weight_table()的句法(syntax)覆盖。该默认值0.5或者pred_weight_table()中的信息可应用于给定切片(slice)中的所有双向预测pu。非专利文献1：由itu-tsg16wp3和iso/iecjtc1/sc29/wg11的视频编码联合协作组(jct-vc)于2011年3月16日至23日在瑞士日内瓦的第5次会议上发表的“用于具有16位中间数据表示的hevc的变换设计”(transformdesignforhevcwith16bitintermediatedatarepresentation)(文件编号：jctvc-e243)。h.265/hevc(高效视频编码)标准可包括由itu-tvceg(q6/16)iso/iecmpeg(jtc1/sc29/wg11发布的版本1(2013)、版本2(2014)、版本3(2015)和版本4(2016)。非专利文献1示出了h.265/hevc标准。然而，发明人已经研究了对具有压缩能力的未来视频编码技术进行标准化的需求，其压缩能力显著超出hevc标准(包括其扩展)。非专利文献2：由itu-tsg16wp3和iso/iecjtc1/sc29/wg11的视频联合专家组(jvet)于2018年4月10日至20日在美国圣地亚哥的第10次会议上发表的“通用视频编码(vvc)和测试模型1(vtim1)的算法描述”(algorithmdescriptionforversatilevideocodingandtestmodel1(vtm1))(文件编号：jvet-j1002-v2)。非专利文献2公开了近期推出的、用于超越hevc的下一代视频编码的标准化格式，其被称为通用视频编码(vvc)，具有版本vtm(vvc测试模型)。vvc通常可提供一种使用10位(10-bit)整数矩阵的大型(例如，64点(64-point)或更高的)变换核。然而，对vcc中的8位核(8-bitcore)存在如下需求：降低复杂度、减少用于存储变换核的内存和/或减小乘法/加法/减法操作的输入位宽。通常，在传统vvc中，无法从例如10位的64点dct-2变换核中提取出8位的2点、4点、8点、16点和32点dct-2变换核，从而不可避免地增加了应用初级变换的成本，因为单独的64点变换核将需要额外的存储和逻辑才能实现。与10位初级变换核相比，8位初级变换核因为减少了用于存储变换核的内存并且减小了乘法/加法/减法操作的输入位宽，因此降低了复杂度。技术实现要素：本申请实施例提供了解码或编码的方法和装置、计算机设备和存储介质，旨在解决现有vcc中存储变换核的内存以及乘法/加法/减法操作的输入位宽较高的问题。根据本申请的一方面，提供一种解码或编码的方法，可包括：接收用于编码或解码的目标数据块的信息，所述用于编码或解码的目标数据块是压缩的视频或图像数据块和未压缩的视频或图像数据块中的一个；当确定使用第一变换核矩阵对所述目标数据块进行编码或解码时，基于一组m个唯一数，导出8位dst-7的第一初级变换核矩阵，以及产生第一信息，所述第一信息用于触发采用所导出的所述第一初级变换核矩阵对所述用于编码或解码的目标数据块进行编码或解码，其中，所述第一变换核矩阵为大于或等于8点并且由8位表示的dst-7第一初级变换核矩阵；以及，当确定不使用该第一变换核矩阵对所述目标数据块进行编码或解码时，基于该同一组m个唯一数，导出第二初级变换核矩阵，以及产生第二信息，所述第二信息用于触发采用所导出的所述第二初级变换核矩阵对所述用于编码或解码的目标数据块进行编码或解码，其中该第二初级变换核矩阵是dct-8、dst-1和dct-5中的一个。根据本申请的一方面，提供一种解码或编码的装置，可包括：接收模块，用于接收用于编码或解码的目标数据块的信息，所述用于编码或解码的目标数据块是压缩的视频或图像数据块和未压缩的视频或图像数据块中的一个；第一编码或解码模块，用于当确定使用第一变换核矩阵对所述目标数据块进行编码或解码时，基于一组m个唯一数，导出8位dst-7的第一初级变换核矩阵，以及产生第一信息，所述第一信息用于触发采用所导出的所述第一初级变换核矩阵对所述用于编码或解码的目标数据块进行编码或解码，其中，所述第一变换核矩阵为大于或等于8点并且由8位表示的dst-7第一初级变换核矩阵；第二编码或解码模块，用于当确定不使用该第一初级变换核矩阵对所述目标数据块进行编码或解码时，基于该同一组m个唯一数，导出第二初级变换核矩阵，以及产生第二信息，所述第二信息用于触发采用所导出的所述第二初级变换核矩阵对所述用于编码或解码的目标数据块进行编码或解码，其中该第二初级变换核矩阵是dct-8、dst-1和dct-5中的一个。根据本申请的一方面，提供一种非易失性计算机可读存储介质可存储指令，当所述指令被用于编码或解码的计算机执行时，使得所述计算机执行如上所述的编码或解码的方法。根据本申请的一方面，提供一种计算机设备，包括一个或多个处理器和一个或多个存储器，所述一个或多个存储器中存储有至少一条指令，所述至少一条指令由所述一个或多个处理器加载并执行以实现如上所述的编码或解码的方法。通过本申请的实施例，减少了用于存储变换核的内存并且减小了乘法/加法/减法操作的输入位宽，从而降低了8位初级变换核的复杂度以及应用初级变换的成本。附图说明根据以下详细描述和附图，所公开的主题的其他特征、性质和各种优点将进一步明确，其中图1是根据一实施例的通信系统的简化框图的示意图；图2是根据一实施例的流媒体系统的简化框图的示意图；图3是根据一实施例的解码器的简化框图的示意图；图4是根据一实施例的编码器的简化框图的示意图；图5是根据一实施例的示例性编码或解码方法的示意图；图6是根据一实施例的输出变换核矩阵的示意图；以及图7是根据一实施例的计算机系统的示意图。具体实施方式图1是根据本申请公开的实施例的通信系统(100)的简化框图。该通信系统(100)可包括通过网络(150)互相连接的至少两个终端(110、120)。对于数据的单向传输，第一终端(110)可在本地位置对视频数据进行编码以通过网络(150)传输到另一终端(120)。第二终端(120)可从网络(150)接收另一终端的已编码视频数据，对已编码视频数据进行解码以恢复视频数据。单向数据传输在媒体服务等应用中是较常见的。图1示出了支持已编码视频的双向传输的第二对终端(130、140)，所述双向传输可例如在视频会议期间发生。对于双向数据传输，终端(130)和终端(140)中的每个终端可对在本地位置采集的视频数据进行编码以通过网络(150)传输到另一终端。终端(130)和终端(140)中的每个终端还可接收由另一终端传输的已编码视频数据，且可对所述已编码视频数据进行解码并在本地显示设备上显示恢复的视频数据。在图1中，终端(110-140)可为膝上型电脑110、服务器120和智能手机130和140，但本申请公开的原理可不限于此。本申请公开的实施例适用于其他设备，包括但不限于膝上型计算机、平板电脑、媒体播放器和/或专用视频会议设备。网络(150)表示在终端(110-140)之间传送已编码视频数据的任何数目的网络，包括例如有线和/或无线通信网络。通信网络(150)可在电路交换和/或分组交换信道中交换数据。该网络可包括电信网络、局域网、广域网和/或互联网。出于本论述的目的，除非在下文中有所解释，否则网络(150)的架构和拓扑对于本申请公开的操作来说可能是无关紧要的。作为实施例，图2示出了视频编码器和解码器在流式传输环境中的放置方式。本申请所公开主题可同等地适用于其它支持视频的应用，包括例如视频会议、数字tv、在包括cd、dvd、存储棒等的数字介质上存储压缩视频等等。流式传输系统(200)可包括采集子系统(213)，所述采集子系统可包括例如数码相机等视频源(201)，所述视频源可创建未压缩的视频样本流(202)。相较于已编码的视频比特流，视频样本流(202)被描绘为粗线以强调高数据量的视频样本流，视频样本流(202)可由耦合到相机(201)的编码器(203)处理。编码器(203)可包括硬件(例如，处理器或电路和存储器)、软件或软硬件组合以实现或实施如下文更详细地描述的所公开主题的各方面。相较于视频样本流，已编码的视频比特流(204)被描绘为细线以强调较低数据量的已编码的视频比特流，其可存储在流式传输服务器(205)上以供将来使用。一个或多个流式传输客户端(206、208)可访问流式传输服务器(205)以获取已编码的视频比特流(204)的副本(207、209)。客户端(206)可包括视频解码器(210)。视频解码器(210)对已编码的视频比特流(207)的传入副本(207)进行解码，且产生可在显示器(212)或另一呈现装置(未描绘)上呈现的输出视频样本流(211)。图3是根据本申请公开的实施例的视频解码器(210)的功能框图。如图3所示，接收器(310)可接收将由视频解码器(210)解码的一个或多个已编码视频序列；在同一实施例或另一实施例中，一次接收一个已编码视频序列，其中每个已编码视频序列的解码独立于其它已编码视频序列。可从信道(312)接收已编码视频序列，所述信道可以是通向存储已编码的视频数据的存储装置的硬件/软件链路。接收器(310)可接收已编码的视频数据以及其它数据，例如，可转发到它们各自的使用实体(未标示)的已编码音频数据和/或辅助数据流。接收器(310)可将已编码视频序列与其它数据分开。为了防止网络抖动，缓冲存储器(315)可耦接在接收器(310)与熵解码器/解析器(320)(此后称为“解析器”)之间。当接收器(310)从具有足够带宽和可控性的存储/转发装置或从等时同步网络接收数据时，也可能不需要配置缓冲存储器(315)，或可以将所述缓冲存储器做得较小。当然，为了在互联网等业务分组网络上使用，也可能需要缓冲存储器(315)，所述缓冲存储器可相对较大且可具有自适应性大小。视频解码器(210)可包括解析器(320)以根据熵编码视频序列重建符号(321)。这些符号的类别包括用于管理视频解码器(210)的操作的信息，以及用以控制诸如显示器212的显示装置的潜在信息，所述显示装置不是解码器的组成部分，但可耦接到解码器，如图2和3中所示。用于显示装置的控制信息可以是辅助增强信息(supplementaryenhancementinformation，sei消息)或视频可用性信息(videousabilityinformation，vui)的参数集片段(未标示)。解析器(320)可对接收到的已编码视频序列进行解析/熵解码。已编码视频序列的编码可根据视频编码技术或标准进行，且可遵循本领域技术人员所公知的原理，包括可变长度编码、霍夫曼编码(huffmancoding)、具有或不具有上下文灵敏度的算术编码等等。解析器(320)可基于对应于群组的至少一个参数，从已编码视频序列提取用于视频解码器中的像素的子群中的至少一个子群的子群参数集。子群可包括图片群组(groupofpictures，gop)、图片、图块、切片、宏块、编码单元(codingunit，cu)、块、变换单元(transformunit，tu)、预测单元(predictionunit，pu)等等。熵解码器/解析器(320)还可从已编码视频序列提取信息，例如变换系数、量化器参数值、运动矢量等等。解析器(320)可对从缓冲存储器(315)接收的视频序列执行熵解码/解析操作，从而创建符号(321)。取决于已编码视频图片或一部分已编码视频图片(例如：帧间图片和帧内图片、帧间块和帧内块)的类型以及其它因素，符号(321)的重建可涉及多个不同单元。涉及哪些单元以及涉及方式可由解析器(320)从已编码视频序列解析的子群控制信息控制。为了简洁起见，未描述解析器(320)与下文的多个单元之间的此类子群控制信息流。除已经提及的功能块以外，视频解码器(210)可在概念上细分成如下文所描述的数个功能单元。在商业约束下运行的实际实施例中，这些单元中的许多单元彼此紧密交互并且可以彼此集成。然而，出于描述所公开主题的目的，概念上细分成下文的功能单元是适当的。第一单元可以是缩放器/逆变换单元(351)。缩放器/逆变换单元(351)可从解析器(320)接收作为符号(321)的量化变换系数以及控制信息，包括使用哪种变换方式、块大小、量化因子、量化缩放矩阵等。缩放器/逆变换单元(351)可输出包括样本值的块，所述样本值可输入到聚合器(355)中。在一些情况下，缩放器/逆变换单元(351)的输出样本可属于帧内编码块；即：不使用来自先前重建的图片的预测性信息，但可使用来自当前图片的先前重建部分的预测性信息的块。此类预测性信息可由帧内图片预测单元(352)提供。在一些情况下，帧内图片预测单元(352)采用从(部分重建的)当前图片(358)提取的已重建信息生成大小和形状与正在重建的块相同的周围块。在一些情况下，聚合器(355)基于每个样本，将帧内预测单元(352)生成的预测信息添加到由缩放器/逆变换单元(351)提供的输出样本信息中。在其它情况下，缩放器/逆变换单元(351)的输出样本可属于帧间编码和潜在运动补偿块。在此情况下，运动补偿预测单元(353)可访问参考图片存储器(357)以提取用于预测的样本。在根据符号(321)对提取的样本进行运动补偿之后，这些样本可由聚合器(355)添加到缩放器/逆变换单元(351)的输出(在这种情况下被称作残差样本或残差信号)，从而生成输出样本信息。运动补偿预测单元(353)从参考图片存储器(357)内的地址获取预测样本可受到运动矢量控制，且所述运动矢量以所述符号(321)的形式而供运动补偿预测单元(353)使用，所述符号(321)例如是包括x、y和参考图片分量。运动补偿还可包括在使用子样本精确运动矢量时，从参考图片存储器(357)提取的样本值的内插、运动矢量预测机制等等。聚合器(355)的输出样本可在环路滤波器单元(356)中被各种环路滤波技术采用。视频压缩技术可包括环路内滤波器技术，所述环路内滤波器技术受控于包括在已编码视频比特流中的参数，且所述参数作为来自解析器(320)的符号(321)可用于环路滤波器单元(356)。然而，在其他实施例中，视频压缩技术还可响应于在解码已编码图片或已编码视频序列的先前(按解码次序)部分期间获得的元信息，以及响应于先前重建且经过环路滤波的样本值。环路滤波器单元(356)的输出可以是样本流，所述样本流可输出到显示装置(212)以及存储在参考图片存储器(357)，以用于后续的帧间图片预测。一旦完全重建，某些已编码图片就可用作参考图片以用于将来预测。一旦已编码图片被完全重建，且已编码图片(通过例如解析器(320))被识别为参考图片，则当前图片(358)可变为参考图片存储器(357)中的一部分，且可在开始重建后续已编码图片之前重新分配新的当前图片存储器。视频解码器(210)可根据例如itu-th.265标准中记录的预定视频压缩技术执行解码操作。在已编码视频序列遵循在视频压缩技术文献或标准、特别是配置文件中所规定的视频压缩技术或标准的语法的意义上，已编码视频序列可符合所使用的视频压缩技术或标准指定的语法。对于合规性，还要求已编码视频序列的复杂度处于视频压缩技术或标准的层级所限定的范围内。在一些情况下，层级限制最大图片大小、最大帧率、最大重建取样率(以例如每秒兆(mega)个样本为单位进行测量)、和/或最大参考图片大小。在一些情况下，由层级设定的限制可通过假想参考解码器(hypotheticalreferencedecoder，hrd)规范和在已编码视频序列中用信号表示的hrd缓冲器管理的元数据来进一步限定。在实施例中，接收器(310)可连同已编码视频一起接收附加(冗余)数据。所述附加数据可以是已编码视频序列的一部分。所述附加数据可由视频解码器(210)用以对数据进行适当解码和/或较准确地重建原始视频数据。附加数据可呈例如时间、空间或信噪比(signalnoiseratio，snr)增强层、冗余切片、冗余图片、前向纠错码等形式。图4是根据本申请公开的实施例的视频编码器(203)的功能框图。视频编码器(203)可从视频源(201)(并非该解码器的一部分)接收视频样本，所述视频源可采集将由视频编码器(203)编码的视频图像。视频源(201)可提供将由视频编码器(203)编码的呈数字视频样本流形式的源视频序列，所述数字视频样本流可具有任何合适位深度(例如：8位、10位、12位……)、任何色彩空间(例如bt.601ycrcb、rgb……)和任何合适取样结构(例如ycrcb4:2:0、ycrcb4:4:4)。在媒体服务系统中，视频源(201)可以是存储先前已准备的视频的存储装置，该媒体服务系统可包括存储器和处理器。在视频会议系统中，视频源(201)可以包括采集本地图像信息作为视频序列的相机。可将视频数据提供为多个单独的图片，当按顺序观看时，这些图片被赋予运动。图片自身可构建为空间像素阵列，其中取决于所用的取样结构、色彩空间等，每个像素可包括一个或多个样本。所属领域的技术人员可以很容易理解像素与样本之间的关系。下文侧重于描述样本。根据实施例，视频编码器(203)可实时或在由应用所要求的任何其它时间约束下，将源视频序列的图片编码且压缩成已编码视频序列。施行适当的编码速度是控制器(450)的一个功能。控制器(450)控制如下文所描述的其它功能单元且在功能上耦接到这些单元。为了简洁起见，图中未标示耦接。由控制器(450)设置的参数可包括速率控制相关参数(例如，图片跳过、量化器、率失真优化技术的λ值等)、图片大小、图片群组(groupofpictures，gop)布局，最大运动矢量搜索范围等。本领域技术人员可容易地识别控制器(450)的其它功能，因为这些功能涉及针对某一系统设计优化的视频编码器(203)。一些视频编码器在本领域技术人员容易识别出的“编码环路”中进行操作。作为简单的描述，编码环路可包括编码器(430)(下文称为“源编码器”)的编码部分，其负责基于待编码的输入图片和参考图片创建符号，和嵌入于视频编码器(203)中的(本地)解码器(433)。“本地”解码器(433)以类似于(远程)解码器创建样本数据的方式重建符号以创建样本数据(因为在本申请所考虑的视频压缩技术中，符号与已编码视频码流之间的任何压缩是无损的)。将重建的样本流输入到参考图片存储器(434)。由于符号流的解码产生与解码器位置(本地或远程)无关的位精确结果，因此参考图片存储器中的内容在本地编码器与远程编码器之间也是按比特位精确对应的。换句话说，编码器的预测部分“看到”的参考图片样本与解码器将在解码期间使用预测时所“看到”的样本值完全相同。这种参考图片同步性基本原理(以及在例如因信道误差而无法维持同步性的情况下产生的漂移)是本领域技术人员公知的。“本地”解码器(433)的操作可与例如已在上文结合图3详细描述视频解码器(210)的“远程”解码器相同。然而，另外简要参考图3，当符号可用且熵编码器(445)和解析器(320)能够无损地将符号编码/解码为已编码视频序列时，视频解码器(210)的熵解码部分(包括信道(312)、接收器(310)、缓冲存储器(315)和解析器(320))可能无法完全在本地解码器(433)中实施。此时可以观察到，除存在于解码器中的解析/熵解码之外的任何解码器技术，也必定以基本上相同的功能形式存在于对应的编码器中。对编码器技术的描述与描述的解码器技术互逆。仅在某些区域中需要更详细的描述，并且在下文提供。作为操作的一部分，源编码器(430)可执行运动补偿预测编码。参考来自视频序列中被指定为“参考帧”的一个或多个先前已编码帧，所述运动补偿预测编码对输入帧进行预测性编码。以此方式，编码引擎(432)对输入帧的像素块与参考帧的像素块之间的差异进行编码，所述参考帧可被选作所述输入帧的预测参考。本地视频解码器(433)可基于源编码器(430)创建的符号，对可指定为参考帧的帧的已编码视频数据进行解码。编码引擎(432)的操作可为有损过程。当已编码视频数据可在视频解码器(图4中未示)处被解码时，重建的视频序列通常可以是带有一些误差的源视频序列的副本。本地视频解码器(433)复制解码过程，所述解码过程可由视频解码器对参考帧执行，且可使重建的参考帧存储在参考图片存储器(434)中。以此方式，视频编码器(203)可在本地存储重建的参考帧的副本，所述副本与将由远端视频解码器获得的重建参考帧具有共同内容(不存在传输误差)。预测器(435)可针对编码引擎(432)执行预测搜索。即，对于将要编码的新帧，预测器(435)可在参考图片存储器(434)中搜索可作为所述新图片的适当预测参考的样本数据(作为候选参考像素块)或某些元数据，例如参考图片运动矢量、块形状等。预测器(435)可基于样本块逐像素块操作，以找到合适的预测参考。在一些情况下，根据预测器(435)获得的搜索结果，可确定输入图片可具有从参考图片存储器(434)中存储的多个参考图片取得的预测参考。控制器(450)可管理源编码器(430)的编码操作，包括例如设置用于对视频数据进行编码的参数和子群参数。可在熵编码器(445)中对所有上述功能单元的输出进行熵编码。熵编码器(445)可根据例如霍夫曼编码、可变长度编码、算术编码等本领域技术人员公知的技术对各种功能单元生成的符号进行无损压缩，从而将所述符号转换成已编码视频序列。传输器(440)可缓冲由熵编码器(445)创建的已编码视频序列，从而为通过通信信道(460)进行传输做准备，所述通信信道可以是通向将存储已编码的视频数据的存储装置的硬件/软件链路。传输器(440)可将来自视频编码器(203)的已编码视频数据与要传输的其它数据合并，所述其它数据例如是已编码音频数据和/或辅助数据流(未示出来源)。控制器(450)可管理视频编码器(203)的操作。在编码期间，控制器(450)可以为每个已编码图片分配某一已编码图片类型，但这可能影响可应用于相应的图片的编码技术。例如，通常可将图片分配为以下任一种图片类型：帧内图片(i图片)，预测图片(p图片)和双向预测图片(b图片)。帧内图片(i图片)，其可以是不将序列中的任何其它帧用作预测源就可被编码和解码的图片。一些视频编解码器容许不同类型的帧内图片，包括例如独立解码器刷新(independentdecoderrefresh，“idr”)图片。所属领域的技术人员了解i图片的变体及其相应的应用和特征。预测性图片(p图片)，其可以是可使用帧内预测或帧间预测进行编码和解码的图片，所述帧内预测或帧间预测使用至多一个运动矢量和参考索引来预测每个块的样本值。双向预测性图片(b图片)，其可以是可使用帧内预测或帧间预测进行编码和解码的图片，所述帧内预测或帧间预测使用至多两个运动矢量和参考索引来预测每个块的样本值。类似地，多个预测性图片可使用多于两个参考图片和相关联元数据以用于重建单个块。源图片通常可在空间上细分成多个样本块(例如，4×4、8×8、4×8或16×16个样本的块)，且逐块进行编码。这些块可参考其它(已编码)块进行预测编码，根据应用于块的相应图片的编码分配来确定所述其它块。举例来说，i图片的块可进行非预测编码，或所述块可参考同一图片的已经编码的块来进行预测编码(空间预测或帧内预测)。p图片的像素块可参考一个先前编码的参考图片通过空间预测或通过时域预测进行预测编码。b图片的块可参考一个或两个先前编码的参考图片通过空间预测或通过时域预测进行预测编码。视频编码器(203)可根据例如itu-th.265建议书的预定视频编码技术或标准执行编码操作。在操作中，视频编码器(203)可执行各种压缩操作，包括利用输入视频序列中的时间和空间冗余的预测编码操作。因此，已编码视频数据可符合所用视频编码技术或标准指定的语法。在实施例中，传输器(440)可传输附加数据和已编码的视频。此类数据可以是已编码视频序列的一部分。附加数据可包括时间/空间/snr增强层、冗余图片和切片等其它形式的冗余数据、sei消息、vui参数集片段等。如上文中讨论的，已编码视频序列的编码可根据视频编码技术或标准，并且可遵循本领域技术人员公知的原理，包括可变长度编码、霍夫曼编码、具有或不具有上下文灵敏度算术编码等等。在一些流媒体系统中，可根据某些视频编码/压缩标准对视频比特流(204、207、209)进行编码。这些标准的实施例包括h.265的itu-thevc推荐标准。在hevc中，初级变换可具有4点、8点、16点或32点dct-2变换核矩阵，并且变换核矩阵可使用8位整数(即，8位变换核矩阵)来表示。较小的dct-2的hevc变换核矩阵是较大的dct-2的一部分，如下所示：4x4dct-2变换{64,64,64,64}{83,36,-36,-83}{64,-64,-64,64}{36,-83,83,-36}8x8dct-2变换{64,64,64,64,64,64,64,64}{89,75,50,18,-18,-50,-75,-89}{83,36,-36,-83,-83,-36,36,83}{75,-18,-89,-50,50,89,18,-75}{64,-64,-64,64,64,-64,-64,64}{50,-89,18,75,-75,-18,89,-50}{36,-83,83,-36,-36,83,-83,36}{18,-50,75,-89,89,-75,50,-18}16x16dct-2变换32x32dct-2变换如上所示，每个dct-2变换核显示出了对称/非对称特征。由此，可支持所谓的“部分蝶形”(partialbutterfly)实施方式以减少操作计数(乘法、加法/减法、移位)的数量，并且可使用部分蝶形实施方式获得矩阵乘法的相同结果。关于hevc变换设计的更多细节可在非专利文献1中找到。正在开发的是非正式地称为通用视频编码(vcc)的视频编码标准。所公开的主题可用于vcc的上下文中。对于vcc中的初级变换，除了与hevc中相同的4点、8点、16点和32点dct-2变换之外，还可包括额外的2点、64点和128点dct-2。2点dct-2核可为8位整数矩阵，这与hevc初级变换设计一致。但是，64点和128点dct-2使用10位变换核，这意味着在vvc中无法从64点dct-2核或128点dct-2核中提取出2点、4点、8点、16点和32点dct-2变换。以下示出了vvc中定义的示例性64点dct-2核的各部分，其中{aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck}＝{256,334,139,355,301,201,71,360,346,319,280,230,171,105,35,362,358,351,341,327,311,291,268,243,216,186,155,122,88,53,18,362,361,359,357,353,349,344,338,331,323,315,306,296,285,274,262,250,236,223,208,194,178,163,147,130,114,97,79,62,44,27,9}:{aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa,aa}{bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,-ck,-cj,-ci,-ch,-cg,-cf,-ce,-cd,-cc,-cb,-ca,-bz,-by,-bx,-bw,-bv,-bu,-bt,-bs,-br,-bq,-bp,-bo,-bn,-bm,-bl,-bk,-bj,-bi,-bh,-bg,-bf}{ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,-be,-bd,-bc,-bb,-ba,-az,-ay,-ax,-aw,-av,-au,-at,-as,-ar,-aq,-ap,-ap,-aq,-ar,-as,-at,-au,-av,-aw,-ax,-ay,-az,-ba,-bb,-bc,-bd,-be,be,bd,bc,bb,ba,az,ay,ax,aw,av,au,at,as,ar,aq,ap}{bg,bj,bm,bp,bs,bv,by,cb,ce,ch,ck,-ci,-cf,-cc,-bz,-bw,-bt,-bq,-bn,-bk,-bh,-bf,-bi,-bl,-bo,-br,-bu,-bx,-ca,-cd,-cg,-cj,cj,cg,cd,ca,bx,bu,br,bo,bl,bi,bf,bh,bk,bn,bq,bt,bw,bz,cc,cf,ci,-ck,-ch,-ce,-cb,-by,-bv,-bs,-bp,-bm,-bj,-bg}{ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,-ao,-an,-am,-al,-ak,-aj,-ai,-ah,-ah,-ai,-aj,-ak,-al,-am,-an,-ao,ao,an,am,al,ak,aj,ai,ah,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,-ao,-an,-am,-al,-ak,-aj,-ai,-ah,-ah,-ai,-aj,-ak,-al,-am,-an,-ao,ao,an,am,al,ak,aj,ai,ah}{bh,bm,br,bw,cb,cg,-ck,-cf,-ca,-bv,-bq,-bl,-bg,-bi,-bn,-bs,-bx,-cc,-ch,cj,ce,bz,bu,bp,bk,bf,bj,bo,bt,by,cd,ci,-ci,-cd,-by,-bt,-bo,-bj,-bf,-bk,-bp,-bu,-bz,-ce,-cj,ch,cc,bx,bs,bn,bi,bg,bl,bq,bv,ca,cf,ck,-cg,-cb,-bw,-br,-bm,-bh}{aq,at,aw,az,bc,-be,-bb,-ay,-av,-as,-ap,-ar,-au,-ax,-ba,-bd,bd,ba,ax,au,ar,ap,as,av,ay,bb,be,-bc,-az,-aw,-at,-aq,-aq,-at,-aw,-az,-bc,be,bb,ay,av,as,ap,ar,au,ax,ba,bd,-bd,-ba,-ax,-au,-ar,-ap,-as,-av,-ay,-bb,-be,bc,az,aw,at,aq}{bi,bp,bw,cd,ck,-ce,-bx,-bq,-bj,-bh,-bo,-bv,-cc,-cj,cf,by,br,bk,bg,bn,bu,cb,ci,-cg,-bz,-bs,-bl,-bf,-bm,-bt,-ca,-ch,ch,ca,bt,bm,bf,bl,bs,bz,cg,-ci,-cb,-bu,-bn,-bg,-bk,-br,-by,-cf,cj,cc,bv,bo,bh,bj,bq,bx,ce,-ck,-cd,-bw,-bp,-bi}{ad,ae,af,ag,-ag,-af,-ae,-ad,-ad,-ae,-af,-ag,ag,af,ae,ad,ad,ae,af,ag,-ag,-af,-ae,-ad,-ad,-ae,-af,-ag,ag,af,ae,ad,ad,ae,af,ag,-ag,-af,-ae,-ad,-ad,-ae,-af,-ag,ag,af,ae,ad,ad,ae,af,ag,-ag,-af,-ae,-ad,-ad,-ae,-af,-ag,ag,af,ae,ad}{bj,bs,cb,ck,-cc,-bt,-bk,-bi,-br,-ca,-cj,cd,bu,bl,bh,bq,bz,ci,-ce,-bv,-bm,-bg,-bp,-by,-ch,cf,bw,bn,bf,bo,bx,cg,-cg,-bx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62,66,72,77,81,83,87,89,90}。图5中的方法还可包括：第一变换核矩阵为使用32个整数创建的32点8位dst-7初级变换核矩阵，该32个整数包括a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、i、j、k、l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s、t、u、v、w、x、y、z、a、b、c、d、e和f及其各自的符号变换，并且该32个整数{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,a,b,c,d,e,f}等于{4,9,13,17,21,26,30,34,38,42,45,50,53,56,60,63,66,68,72,74,77,78,80,82,84,85,86,88,88,89,90,90}。图5中的方法还可包括：第一变换核矩阵为使用64个整数创建建的64点8位dst-7初级变换核矩阵，该64个整数包括aa、ab、ac、ad、ae、af、ag、ah、ai、aj、ak、al、am、an、ao、ap、aq、ar、as、at、au、av、aw、ax、ay、az、ba、bb、bc、bd、be、bf、bg、bh、bi、bj、bk、bl、bm、bn、bo、bp、bq、br、bs、bt、bu、bv、bw、bx、by、bz、ca、cb、cc、cd、ce、cf、cg、ch、ci、cj、ck和cl及其各自的符号变换，并且该64个整数{aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,cl}等于{2,5,7,8,11,13,15,17,20,22,23,26,29,30,32,34,37,38,41,42,44,46,48,49,52,53,55,58,59,60,62,64,65,66,68,69,72,72,74,73,76,77,78,79,81,80,82,83,85,84,85,86,87,87,88,89,89,90,89,90,90,90,90,90}。图5中的方法还可包括：第二初级变换核矩阵为使用8个整数创建的8点8位dct-8初级变换核矩阵，该8个整数包括a、b、c、d、e、f、g和h及其各自的符号变换，并且该8个整数{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}等于{86,85,78,71,60,46,32,17}。图5中的方法还可包括：第二初级变换核矩阵为使用16个整数创建的16点8位dct-8初级变换核矩阵，该16个整数包括a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、i、j、k、l、m、n、o和p及其各自的符号变换，并且该16个整数{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p}等于{90,89,87,83,81,77,72,66,62,56,49,41,33,25,17,9}。图5中的方法还可包括：第二初级变换核矩阵是使用32个整数创建的32点8位dct-8初级变换核矩阵，该32个整数包括a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、i、j、k、l、m、n、o、p、q、r、s、t、u、v、w、x、y、z、a、b、c、d、e和f及其各自的符号变换，并且该32个整数{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,a,b,c,d,e,f}等于{90,90,89,88,88,86,85,84,82,80,78,77,74,72,68,66,63,60,56,53,50,45,42,38,34,30,26,21,17,13,9,4}。图5中的方法还可包括：第二初级变换核矩阵为使用64个整数创建的64点8位dct-8初级变换核矩阵，该64个整数包括aa、ab、ac、ad、ae、af、ag、ah、ai、aj、ak、al、am、an、ao、ap、aq、ar、as、at、au、av、aw、ax、ay、az、ba、bb、bc、bd、be、bf、bg、bh、bi、bj、bk、bl、bm、bn、bo、bp、bq、br、bs、bt、bu、bv、bw、bx、by、bz、ca、cb、cc、cd、ce、cf、cg、ch、ci、cj、ck和cl及其各自的符号变换，并且该64个整数{aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,cl}等于{90,90,90,90,90,89,90,89,89,88,87,87,86,85,84,85,83,82,80,81,79,78,77,76,73,74,72,72,69,68,66,65,64,62,60,59,58,55,53,52,49,48,46,44,42,41,38,37,34,32,30,29,26,23,22,20,17,15,13,11,8,7,5,2}。图5中所示的方法还可包括：由m个唯一数组成的8位n点初级变换核矩阵是通过图6中所示的以下步骤导出的。图6示出了步骤601，该步骤包括：通过使用缩放因子缩放原始变换核，导出初始变换核矩阵。例如，步骤601可包括：使用缩放因子2b-2×log2(n)对由浮点数组成的原始变换核t0进行缩放，以导出初始变换核矩阵t1，使得t1＝t0×2b-2×log2(n)，其中b＝8，作为基向量的t0的行向量彼此正交，并且每个行向量的范数是1。图6中的方法还可包括步骤602，该步骤包括：导出调整的变换核矩阵。例如，步骤602可包括：通过在选定的m个唯一数上增加偏移，导出调整的变换核矩阵t2，该m个唯一数用于创建该调整的初级变换核矩阵t2。图6中的方法还可包括步骤603，该步骤包括：计算成本值c，其为所有元素的绝对值之和。例如，步骤603可包括：计算成本值c，其为(t1*t1t-22b-4×log2(n)2×i)中所有元素的绝对值之和，其中i为n×n单位矩阵。图6中的方法还可包括步骤604，该步骤包括：更新该调整的变换矩阵。例如，步骤604可包括：通过将计算出的偏移值加至t2，更新该调整的变换矩阵t2，这将成本值最小化到t2，并且输出的t2可为8位n点初级变换核矩阵。在图6的方法中，m个唯一数中的每一个的偏移值可包括以下数值中的一个或多个：-2、-1、0、+1和+2。而且，图6的方法还可包括：在对选定的m个唯一数尝试所有可能的偏移值的组合从而将成本值c最小化之后，输出t2，其为8位n点初级变换核矩阵。接下来将对不同类型的变换核(变换核矩阵)进行解释。举例而言，可使用8位整数表示64点dct-2变换核，其中该变换核矩阵的偶数行(行0、2、4、…、30)的左半部分形成一个矩阵，其与32点dct-2变换核矩阵一致。在一个实施例中，可通过设定如下参数导出64点dct-2核矩阵：{aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck}＝{64,83,36,89,75,50,18,90,87,80,70,57,43,25,9,90,90,88,85,82,78,73,67,61,54,46,38,31,22,13,4,91,90,90,90,88,87,86,84,83,81,79,77,73,71,69,65,62,59,56,52,48,44,41,37,33,28,24,20,15,11,7,2}。可使用8位整数表示128点dct-2变换核，并且该变换核矩阵的偶数行(行0、2、4、…、126)的左半部分形成一个矩阵，其与64点dct-2变换核矩阵一致。在一个实施例中，可通过设定如下参数导出128点dct-2核矩阵：{aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,cl,cm,cn,co,cp,cq,cr,cs,ct,cu,cv,cw,cx,cy,cz,da,db,dc,dd,de,df,dg,dh,di,dj,dk,dl,dm,dn,d_,dp,dq,dr,ds,dt,du,dv,dw,dx,dy,dz,ea,eb,ec,ed,ee,ef,eg,eh,ei,ej,ek,el,em,en,eo,ep,eq,er,es,et,eu,ev,ew}＝{64,83,36,89,75,50,18,90,87,80,70,57,43,25,9,90,90,88,85,82,78,73,67,61,54,46,38,31,22,13,4,91,90,90,90,88,87,86,84,83,81,79,77,73,71,69,65,62,59,56,52,48,44,41,37,33,28,24,20,15,11,7,2,90,90,90,90,90,90,89,89,89,88,88,87,86,86,85,84,83,82,81,80,79,78,77,76,75,73,72,71,69,68,66,65,63,62,60,58,58,55,53,51,49,48,45,44,42,40,38,36,34,32,29,27,25,23,21,19,17,15,12,10,8,6,3,1}。由m个唯一数(不算符号和0)组成的b位n点初级变换核可通过以下步骤导出：(a)使用缩放因子2b-2×log2(n)对浮点数组成的原始变换核t0进行缩放，以导出初始变换核矩阵t1，即，t1＝t0×2b-2×log2(n)，其中，t0的行向量，即基本向量，彼此正交，并且每个行向量的范数是1；(b)通过在选定的用于创建初级变换核t2的m个唯一数上尝试增加偏移，导出调整的变换核t2；以及(c)计算成本值c，其为(t1*t1t-22b-4×log2(n)2×i)中所有元素的绝对值之和，其中i是n×n单位矩阵。然后，可将使成本值最小化的该偏移值加至t2，从而更新t2。该m个唯一数中的每一个的示例偏移值可包括，但不限于，-2、-1、0、+1和+2。在对选定的m个唯一数尝试所有可能的偏移值的组合从而将成本值最小化之后，输出t2，其为b位n点初级变换核。当导出n点dct-8和dst-7变换核时，可能会受到的限制是：用于创建n点dct-8核矩阵的m个唯一数和用于创建n点dst-7核矩阵的m个唯一数是同一组m个唯一数。在一个实施例中，m＝n。在一个实施例中，8位dct-8和dst-7变换核如下所示。例如，在4点dst-7核中可存在4个唯一数，包括28、55、74和84，并且这4个唯一数与用于创建4点dct-8核的4个唯一数是同一组的4个唯一数。4点dst-7：{29,55,74,84,}{74,74,0,-74,}{84,-29,-74,55,}{55,-84,74,-29,}8点dst-7：{17,32,46,60,71,78,85,86,}{46,78,86,71,32,-17,-60,-85,}{71,85,32,-46,-86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